Anatomy and Physiology – 2005

Unit	Strand	Benchmark
The Human Body Orientation	Anatomy and Physiology Principle of complementarity Structural organization Organ Systems Survival Needs Homeostasis Feedback Mechanism Anatomical position Anatomical terminology Body Cavities Abdominopelvic regions	Define anatomy and physiology and describe their subdivisions Explain the principle of complementarity Name the different levels of structural organization that make up the human body List the 11 organ systems of the body and give the function for each List the survival needs of the body Define homeostasis and give its importance Compare and contrast the positive and negative feedback mechanism Describe the anatomical position Use correct anatomical terminology to describe body directions, regions, and body planes or sections Locate and describe the major body cavities and list the main organs found in each body cavity Name the nine regions of the Abdominopelvic region and list the organs that they contain
Tissue: The living fabric	Epithelial tissue Glands Multicellular Exocrine glands Connective tissue Epithelial membranes Nervous Tissue Muscle Tissue Tissue Repair Embryonic development	List several structural and functional characteristics of epithelial tissue Define gland and contrast between endocrine and exocrine glands Describe how multicellular exocrine glands are classified structurally and functionally Describe common characteristics of connective tissue Describe the structure and function of cutaneous, mucous, and serous membranes Note the general characteristics of nervous tissue Compare and contrast the structures and body locations of the three types of muscle tissue Outline the process of tissue repair involved in normal healing of a superficial wound Indicate the embryonic derivation of each tissue class
The Integumentary System	The skin Sweat and oil glands eccrine and apocrine glands Hair Nails Functions of the skin Burns Skin Cancers	Name the specific tissues types composing the epidermis and dermis and list the major layers of each and describe the function of each layer Compare the structure and most common locations of sweat and oil glands Compare and contrast eccrine and apocrine glands List the parts of the hair follicle and describe the function of each part Describe the function of the nail Describe how the skin accomplishes at least five different functions Contrast between first, second, and third degree burns and describe the rule of nine as it relates to burns Name the three major types of skin cancer
Bones and Skeletal Tissue	Cartilage tissue Major cartilage Bones Bone structure Compact/Spongy Bone Bone formation Bone growth Fracture Repair Bone Disorders	Explain the functional properties of each of the three types of cartilage tissue Locate the major cartilage’s of the adult skeleton List and describe the five important functions of bones Describe the gross anatomy of a typical long bone and flat bone Compare and contrast between spongy and compact bone Compare and contrast two different types of bone formation Describe the process of long bone formation that occurs at the epiphyseal plate Describe the steps in fracture repair Contrast the disorders of bone remodeling seen in osteoporosis, osteomalacia and Paget’s disease
The skeleton	Bones of the skull Vertebral column Spinal curvature Structure of a vertebrae Bony Thorax Ribs Pectoral girdle Upper limbs Pelvic Girdle Lower limb Developmental aspects of the skeleton	Name, describe and label the bones of the skull Describe the general structure of the vertebral column and lists its components Describe the major curvatures of the spine Describe the structure of a typical vertebrae Name and describe the bones of the bony thorax Differentiate between true, false and floating ribs Identify and label the bones of the pectoral girdle Identify and label the bones of the upper limbs Identify and label the bones of the pelvic girdle Identify and label the bones of the lower limb Describe how the skeleton develops during the lifetime of an individual
Joints	Classification of joints Cartilaginous joints Synovial joints Disorder of joints	Classify joints structurally and functionally Describe the general structures of cartilaginous joints and name and give an example of the two types of cartilaginous joints Describe the structural characteristic of all synovial joints and give the three factors that stabilize this type of joint Describe the most common types of disorders that effect joints
Muscle and muscle tissue	Muscle tissue Muscle function Gross anatomy of muscles Structure of Muscle fiber Sliding filament Theory Aerobic exercise Oxygen dept and muscle fatigue	Compare and contrast the basic types of muscle tissue List the four important functions of muscle tissue Be able to label where all the major muscle of the body are found Be able to describe the basic structure of muscle fiber Describe the sliding filament theory Compare and contrast the effects of aerobic and resistance exercise on skeletal muscles Define oxygen debt and muscle fatigue. List possible factors for muscle debt and fatigue
Fundamentals of the nervous system and nervous tissue	Nervous system Structure Nervous system Neurons Resting/Action potential Synapse Neurotransmitter	List the basic functions of the nervous system Explain the structural and functional divisions of the nervous system Classify neurons structurally and functionally Compare and contrast between a neurons resting and action potential Define synapse and contrast between electrical and chemical synapses structurally and in their mechanisms of information transmission Define neurotransmitter and name several classes of neurotransmitters
The Central nervous system	Brain Cerebral cortex Diencephalon Cerebellum Meninges Concussion Neurological disorders Spinal cord	List and describe the function of the major parts to the human brain List the major lobes, fissures and functional areas of the cerebral cortex Describe the location of the diencephalon and name the subdivisions Describe the structure and function of the cerebellum Describe how meninges, cerebral spinal fluid and the blood brain barrier protect the CNS Distinguish between a concussion and a contusion Describe the causes of major neurological disorders Describe the gross and microscopic structure of the spinal cord
The peripheral nervous system	Peripheral nervous system Sensory receptors Nerve Cranial nerves Reflex activity Strech/flex/crossed extensor	Define peripheral nervous system and lists its components Classify sensory receptors according to body location, structure and stimulus detected Define nerve and describe the general structure of a nerve Name 12 pairs of cranial nerves and describe the body region and structures innervated by each Distinguish between autonomic and somatic reflexes Compare and contrast stretch, flexor and crossed extensor reflexes
The Autonomic nervous system	Somatic/Autonomic Parasympathetic Effects Control	Compare the somatic and autonomic nervous systems relative to effectors, efferent pathways, and neurotransmitters released Compare and contrast the general functions of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions State the effects of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions on the following organs: heart, blood vessel, GI tract, lungs, Adrenal medulla, and the external genitalia Describe the level of control of autonomic nervous system functioning
Senses	Taste and smell Eye Pathway of sight Light/Dark Sight Disorders Ear Pathway of sound Balance Disorders	Describe the location, structure, and afferent pathways of taste and smell receptors, and explain how these receptors are activated Describe the structure and function of the different parts of the eye Trace the pathway of light through the eye to the retina, and explain how light is focused for distance and close vision Compare and contrast light and dark adaptations Note the cause and consequences of astingnatism, cataract, glaucoma, hyperopia, myopia, and color blindness. Describe the structure and general function of the outer, middle and inner ear Describe the sound conduction pathway to the fluid in the inner ear, and follow the auditory pathway from the organ of Corti to the temporal cortex. Explain how the balance organs of the semicircular canals and the vestibule help to maintain dynamic and static equilibrium List possible causes and symptoms of otitis media, deafness, Meniere’s syndrome, and motion sickness
The endocrine System	Hormonal balance Organs Local/Circulating Classification hormones Organs and hormones	Indicate importance differences between hormones and neural control of body functioning List the major endocrine organs and describe the locations in the body Distinguish between circulating hormones and local hormones Describe how hormones are classified chemically Describe the hormones produced by each of the following glands an the function of each of the hormones produced by that gland: Pineal gland, Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Parathyroid gland, thymus gland, Adrenal gland, Pancreas, and gonads
Blood	Whole blood Functions of blood Plasma Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets Disorders Homeostasis Blood Grouping	Describe the composition and physical characteristics of whole blood. Explain why it is classified as a connective tissue List the six functions of blood Discuss the composition and functions of plasma Describe the structural characteristics, function and production of erythrocytes List the classes, structural characteristics and the functions of leukocytes Describe the structure and function of platelets Give examples of disorders caused by abnormalities of each of the formed elements Describe the process of homeostasis. List the factors that limit clot formation and prevent undesirable clotting Describe the ABO and Rh blood groups. Explain the basis of transfusion reactions.
The Cardiovascular system	Heart Covering Chambers Pathway Valves Coronary Arteries	Describe the size and shape of the heart, and indicate its location and orientation in the thorax Name the coverings of the heart Describe the structure and functions of the four heart chambers. Name each chamber and provided the name and general route of its associated great vessels Trace the pathway of blood through the heart Name the valves and describe their location, function and mechanism of operation Name the major branches of the coronary arteries and describe their distribution
Blood Vessels	Layers Arteries Veins Capillaries Blood flow Blood pressure Hypertension Pulmonary circuit Systemic circuit Hepatic portal system	Describe the three layers that typically form the walls of a blood vessel, and state the function of each Compare and contrast the structure and function of the three types of arteries Describe the structure and function of veins, and explain how veins differ from arteries Describe the structure and function of a capillary bed. Define blood flow, blood pressure, and resistance and explain the relationship between these factors List and explain the factors that influence blood pressure and describe how blood pressure is regulated Define hypertension. Note both its symptoms and its consequences. Trace the pathway of blood through the pulmonary circuit and state the importance of this special circulation Describe the general functions of the systemic circuit. Name and give the location of the major arteries and veins in the systemic circulation. Describe the structure and special function of the hepatic portal system.
The lymphatic System	Lymphatic vessels Lymph Lymph nodes	Describe the structure and distribution of lymphatic vessels, and note their important functions Describe the source of lymph and the mechanism of lymph transport Describe the general location, histological structures and functions of lymph nodes
The immune System	Surface Barriers Phagocytes Inflammatory response Fever Antigen B and T Lymphocytes Humoral response Antibodies Cell mediated immunity Disorders	Describe the surface membrane barriers and their protective functions Explain the importance of phagocytes and natural killer cells in nonspecific body defenses Relate the events of the inflammatory process. Identify several inflammatory chemicals and describe their specific roles. Explain how fever helps protect the body against invading pathogens Explain what an antigen is and how it affects the immune system. Compare and contrast the origin, maturation process and general function of B and T lymphocytes. Describe the role of macrophages and other phagocytes in immunity. Define humoral response and describe its role within the immune system Explain the function of antibodies Define cell-mediated immunity and describe the process of activation and clonal selection of T cells. Give examples of immune deficiency diseases and of hypersensitivity states
The Respiratory System	Organs Protective mechanisms Gross Structure Boyle’s Law Respiratory Muscles Pulmonary Ventilation Dead space Dalton’s Law Transportation Neural Control Hyperventilation Acclimation Disorders	Identify the organs forming the respiratory passageway(s) in descending order until the alveoli are reached. Distinguish between conducting and respiratory zone structures. List and describe several protective mechanisms of the respiratory system. Describe the gross structure of the lungs and pleural coverings. Relate Boyle’s law to the events of inspiration and expiration. Explain the role of respiratory muscles and lung elasticity in effecting volume changes that cause air to flow into and out of the lungs. Describe several physical factors that influence pulmonary ventilation. Define dead space State Dalton’s law of partial pressure and Henry’s law. Relate each to events of external and internal respiration. Describe how Oxygen is transported in the blood, and how loading and unloading is affected by temperature, pH, BPG, and PCO2 Describe the neural control of the respiration. Compare and contrast hyperpnea of exercise with involuntary hyperventilation. Describe the process and effects of acclimatization to high altitudes Compare the causes and consequences of chronic bronchitis, emphysema and lung cancer
The Digestive System	Function Processes Anatomy of organs Teeth Saliva Chewing Pancreatic Juices Large Intestine Enzymes Absorption Disorders	Describe the overall function of the digestive system, and differentiate between organs of the alimentary canal and accessory digestive organs. List and define briefly the major processes occurring during digestive system activity. Describe the anatomy and basic function of each organ and accessory organ of the alimentary canal. Explain the dental formula and differentiate clearly between deciduous and permanent teeth. Describe the composition and functions of saliva, and explain how salivation is regulated. Describe the mechanisms of chewing and swallowing State the roles of bile and pancreatic juice in digestion List the major functions of the large intestine and describe the regulation of defecation. List the enzymes involved in chemical digestion, name the foodstuff on which they act and the end products protein, fat, carbohydrate, and nucleic acid digestion. Describe the process of absorption of digested foodstuff that occurs in the small intestine. Describe important abnormalities of the GI tract at different stages of life.
The Urinary System	Kidney Blood Supply Nephron Functions Urine Abnormal Urine Ureters Bladder Urethra Disorders	Describe the gross anatomy of the kidney and its coverings. Trace the blood supply through the kidney. Describe the anatomy of a nephron. List several kidney functions that help to maintain body homeostasis. Describe the normal physical and chemical properties of urine. List several abnormal urine components, and name the condition when each is present in detectable amounts. Describe the general structure and function of the ureters Describe the general structure and function of the urinary bladder. Describe the general structure and function of the Urethra. List several changes in urinary system anatomy and physiology that occurs with age.
The Reproductive System	Function Testes Accessory organs for the male Semen Spermatogenesis Ovaries Female duct system Mammary Glands Oogenesis Menstrual cycle Sexually Transmitted Diseases	Describe the common function of the male and female reproductive systems. Describe the structure and function of the testes, and explain the importance of their location in the scrotum. Describe the location, structure and function of the accessory organs of the male reproductive system. Discuss the sources and function of semen Outline the events of spermatogenesis. Describe the location, structure, and function of the ovaries. Describe the location, structure, and function of each of the organs of the female reproductive duct system. Discuss the structure and function of the mammary glands Describe the process of oogenesis and compare it to spermatogenesis. Describe the regulation of the ovarian and menstrual cycles. Indicate the infectious agents and modes of transmission of gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia and genital herpes.
Pregnancy and Human Development	Capacitation Polysperm Fertilization Placenta formation Gastrulation Embryonic membrane Organgenesis Fetal circulation Fetal development Effect of pregnancy on the mother Birth Adjustments for fetus Lactation	Describe the importance of capacitation to the ability of sperm to penetrate an oocyte. Explain the mechanism of the fast and slow blocks to polyspermy. Define fertilization. Describe the processes of implantation and placenta formation, and list placenta functions Describe the process of gastrulation and its consequences. Name and describe the formation, location, and function of the embryonic membranes, Define organgenesis and indicate the important roles of the three primary germ layers in this process. Describe the unique features of the fetal circulation. Indicate the duration of the fetal period, and note the major events of fetal development. Describe changes in maternal reproductive organs and in cardiovascular, respiratory, and urinary system functioning during pregnancy. Explain how labor is initiated and describe the three stages of labor. Outline the events leading to the first breath of a newborn and describe the changes that occur in the fetal circulation after birth. Explain how the breasts are prepared for lactation.